Brazilians know how to throw a party on a mammoth scale and make other festivals look like train spotting conventions. So charge your caphirianas, don your most sequinned outfit and samba your way through the hottest carnivals in Brazil.

Rio de Janeiro

One of the world’s largest parties, Carnaval – in all its colourful, hedonistic bacchanalia – is virtually synonymous with Rio. Held over five days of revelry during Easter, from the Friday to the Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, residents of Rio begin the partying months in advance. Parades featuring elaborate floats flanked by thousands of pounding drummers and twirling dancers, is the culmination of the festivities – though the real action, Cariocas profess, is at the wild parties about town.

Visitors are welcome to join the mayhem. There are free live concerts happening all over the city, while those seeking a bit of decadence can head to the various balls about town. Whatever you do, prepare yourself for sleepless nights, an ample dose of caipirinhas (the unofficial Brazilian national drink: cachaça with crushed lime, sugar and ice), samba and joyful crowds.

Copacabana beach, Rio de Janeiro

The best way to see in the New Year is to join the Reveillion party on Rio’s mighty Copacabana beach, where the spiritual and the secular come together for one amazing night. Two million people pack the sands to welcome in the New Year. From about 8pm, top bands perform on stages strung out along the 4km-long beach, pumping out a variety of Brazilian and international music. At midnight, a spectacular fireworks display lights up the night sky while the hardiest of revellers keep things going til sunrise.

Salvador

Carnaval in Salvador happens on the streets in late February to early March, where music and spontaneity rule and trios elétricos (electrically amplified bands playing atop speaker-laden trucks) work two million revellers into a frenzy. For an entire week they dance, drink and kiss until they drop, get up the next day and start again. Each year the city designates a theme for Carnaval, and decorates the city accordingly.

Belém

The largest festival on the River Amazon, Círio de Nazaré revolves around a small statue of Nossa Senhora de Nazaré (Our Lady of Nazareth) which is believed to have performed miracles. For centuries, Brazillians have come to honour the Virgin and carry the statue from Belem to Icoaraci and back in a river procession of hundreds of boats. Millions of people fill the streets during the second week of October, along with the sounds of hymns, bells and fireworks, to accompany the image from Catedral da Sé to the basilica.

São Luís, Maranhão

Bumba Meu Boi is a wild, folkloric festival is derived from African, Indian and Portuguese influences that mingled in colonial times. The event, held from late July until mid-August, revolves around the story of the ox’s death and resurrection. Accompanied by much heckling, a stream of street performers, many dressed as oxen or mythological creatures, tell the tale through song, dance, theatre and capoeira (Afro-Brazillian art form).

Olinda

Everyone dons a costume for the 11 days and nights of Olinda’s Carnaval, held over Easter. Balls, nights of samba, Afro-Brazillian rhythms and plenty of street-style merriment characterize the festas (party). Everything else happens in impromptu fashion on the streets. The official opening commences with a parade of 400 ‘virgins’ (men in drag) and awards for the most beautiful, most risqué and the biggest prude.

Recife

The pounding rhythms of maracatu (slow, heavy Afro-Brazilian drumbeats) played during Recife’s festival aren’t for wallflowers. It is a participatory event held over Easter, with an infectious euphoria and fabulous dancing: people don’t sit and watch here, they join in. The months leading up to Carnaval are filled with parties and public rehearsals that are almost as much fun as the actual event, especially the week before.

Port Seguro

Porto Seguro throws an impressive Carnaval and hedonistic bash, complete with plenty of dancing in the streets, round-the-clock music jams and no-holds-barred partying. It’s a little less wild than some of Brazil’s famous, but it lasts until the Saturday after Ash Wednesday. For cultural buffs, the Festa de São Benedito is celebrated in the Cidade Histórica. Children blacken their faces and perform African dances from December 25 to 27.

Paratay

Paraty loves to put on a good festival, starting with has its own odd version of Easter Carnaval. Hundreds of young revellers dance through the cobblestone streets and during Holy Week beautiful torchlit processions take place. For Corpus Christi in June, streets are covered in coloured sawdust, leaves, flowers, coffee grounds and chalk. New festivals keep springing up each year; recent additions include festivals of photography, gastronomy and seafood.

Natal

Carnatal takes to the streets with Salvador-style trios elétricos and blocos sporting names like Jerimum (Pumpkin) and Burro Elétrico (Electric Donkey). It’s the wildest out-of-season Carnaval in the country – held in the early weeks of December, it is a great substitute for anyone who can’t make it to the real deal.

Mosquito-born diseases affect millions of people worldwide each year. The bite of a mosquito can result in anything from a skin irritation to contracting malaria, dengue fever, encephalitis, yellow fever, and many other serious diseases. Clearly, mosquitoes are not just a nuisance, but also a major health hazard, making it vital to know how to avoid getting bitten.

One of the most effective ways to avoid mosquito bites is to wear an effective insect repellent, containing DEET (N,N-diethyl meta-toluamide). It is essentially a poison that masks the natural odour and carbon monoxide that is released from the human body. DEET, when combined with permethrin impregnated clothing and mosquito nets will provide the best protection from getting bitten. Backpackers are advised to travel with their own mosquito nets because hotel and hostel mosquito nets are often damaged, rendering them useless. If you don’t want to travel with a mosquito net you should sleep in rooms that are properly screened with gauze over the windows and doors. There should be no holes in the gauze and no unscreened entry points to the room. Air-conditioned rooms are good, too.

Mosquitoes particularly bite at dusk and during the night, so you should take most precautions during this time. You should wear long, baggy clothing after sunset but it may be hard to follow such advice in a hot climate. Keep as much skin and hair covered as practical. Avoid bright, floral coloured clothing as light colours are less attractive to mosquitoes. Khaki, beige, and olive have no particular attraction for mosquitoes. It would be better to avoid being outdoors altogether during peak biting hours (from dusk until dawn) if you are staying close to where mosquitoes dwell such as swamps and dense forests.

Mosquitoes are also attracted by some body odours, and for this reason they choose some individuals over others in a crowd. Avoid fragrances in soaps, shampoos, and lotions. It is a good idea to take shower before dusk to minimise any body odour.

One thing you should look out for when travelling is how different cultures have an entirely different concept of time. In the European worldview, time exists outside man, exists objectively, and has measurable and linear characteristics. According to Newton, time is absolute: “Absolute, true, mathematical time of itself and from its own nature, it flows equably and without relation to anything external.” The European feels himself to be time’s slave, dependent on it, subject to it. To exist and function, he must observe its ironclad, inviolate laws, its inflexible principles, and rules. He must heed deadlines, dates, days, and hours. He moves within the rigors of time and cannot exist outside them. They impose upon him their requirements and quotas. An unresolvable conflict exists between man and time, one that always ends with man’s defeat – time annihilates him.

Many people apprehend time differently in the developing world. For them, it is a much looser concept, more open, elastic, subjective. It is man who influences time, its shape, course, and rhythm. Time appears as a result of our actions, and vanishes when we neglect or ignore it. It is something that springs to life under our influence, but falls into a state of hibernation, even nonexistence, if we do not direct our energy toward it. It is a subservient, passive essence, and, most importantly, one dependent on man.

The absolute opposite of time as it is understood in the European worldview. In practical terms this often means a clash of cultures and increased stress levels. If you board a bus in rural Guatemala, it will undoubtedly be a European passenger who starts looking around, squirming, inquiring, “When will the bus leave?” The driver will probably give the passenger a strange look and then reply “the bus will leave when it is full.” Meanwhile, every local person on the bus will be calmly and patiently waiting for the bus to fill. We once went to a afternoon music bash in Ecuador that was scheduled to start at 2pm. On arrival there was no one at the appointed spot but we didn’t need to ask “when will the event start” as we already knew the answer “It will start when people arrive.” On another occasion we agreed to meet a contact in San Jose, Costa Rica, for an late morning meeting about a reforestation project near the Sarapiqui River. He didn’t show up until the early afternoon but we kind of expected it as many Ticos run on what is affectionally known as Tico Time. If you want one further example of how different cultures have an entirely different concept of time let’s pretend we have dropped off one hundred indigenous Peruvians at Düsseldorf Central Station. How many of them do you think would complain if their train was 10 minutes late? Answer, none. How many Germans do you think would complain? It would be different to tell as the station master would be mobbed.